Подготовка к экзамену TOEFL. Урок 11
Words and phrases to make references:
as far as ... is concerned - что касается ...;
according to/following this model of interpretation - согласно /следуя этой интерпретации/этому объяснению/толкованию;
in one’s view/opinion/estimation/according to someone - по чьему - либо мнению;
in one’s eyes/in the eyes of (smb) - по чьему - либо мнению;
for my part - что касается меня; с моей стороны;
in one’s words/in the words of (smb)/according to smb - говоря словами/по выражению такого-то/по (чьим-либо) словам/по утверждению такого-то;
concerning - относительно/касательно (чего либо);
with this in mind - имея это ввиду;
along these lines/in this context - в этом контексте;
before addressing (this question/issue) - прежде, чем мы рассмотрим (этот вопрос);
Eg: If time is short and an urgent matter must be dealt with,
it is important to make a decision quickly. However, as far
as the consequences of your decisions are concerned, an
error could be very costly.
(TOEFL writing question 120. TOEFL Information
Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: Some may say that a person’s surroundings have a strong
influence on the way he or she feels and acts. Concerning
the degree to which clothes may affect a person’s behavior,
it may also be true that what a person is wearing
influences him or her in many ways.
(TOEFL writing question 119. TOEFL Information
Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: Psychologists have argued that when people meet each other
for the first time, they categorize each other according to
personality types they already know. According to this
model of interpretation, first impressions have a very
important influence on our interactions with others.
(TOEFL writing question 121. TOEFL Information
Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: As the world becomes more and more united by communications
technology, it is increasingly necessary to establish a
common world language. There are, of course, both
advantages and disadvantages to this development. In my
view (opinion/estimation), loss of diversity in the world
is always a negative thing. On the other hand, according to
those such as businessmen who rely on the ease of global
communication, it is a very positive thing.
Eg: It’s difficult to make general rules that apply to all
without exception. For my part, however, I am very glad
that I was given the opportunity to study art and music in
high school. (TOEFL writing question 125. TOEFL Information
Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: In the words of Thomas Edison, invention is one percent
inspiration, and ninety-nine percent perspiration. The same
can be said about success. (TOEFL writing question 10.
TOEFL Information Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: In a zoologist’s eyes, the idea that a zoo has no useful
purpose is ridiculous. (TOEFL writing question 153. TOEFL
Information Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: You have to travel 40 miles to a job interview. You have
three modes of transportation at your disposal, but times
and destinations differ considerably. With this in mind,
let us consider the pros and cons of each.
(TOEFL writing question 106. TOEFL Information
Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Eg: Many benefits we enjoy today have arisen from accidents in
history. In this context/Along these lines, let us cite
some examples of events terrible at the time that turned
out well for the future. (TOEFL writing question 63. TOEFL
Information Bulletin, 2001/2002)
Запомните некоторые обороты со следующими словами:
advantage/benefit - disadvantage
advantageous(adj)
Eg: First of all, I should explain advantages and disadvantages
of living in a dormitory (положительные и отрицательные
стороны чего-либо).
In this assay, I will name some of the advantages of each
approach and I will argue in favor of.../and I will
support... (положительные стороны/преимущества каждой точки
зрения)
I should explain the advantages of this choice over other
options (преимущества данного варианта над другими).
Many find it advantageous to take out a student loan from a
bank. (Многие считают более предпочтительным ...)
Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. (Оба
подхода/обе точки зрения имеют свои положительные
и отрицательные стороны).
For my part, I find more advantages than disadvantages in
living in a dorm (находить больше преимуществ, чем
недостатков в чём-либо).
While there are advantages to/for both options, taking a
student loan from a bank is the best choice for many
students. (В то время, как оба варианта имеют свои
положительные стороны,...)
There are, of course, both advantages and disadvantages
to this development. (Имеются, конечно, как положительные,
так и отрицательные стороны этого явления).
There are also benefits to renting an apartment. (Аренда
квартиры также имеет свои преимущества/положительные
стороны).
This provides a number of benefits. (Это представляет/даёт
ряд преимуществ).
pros and cons
to weigh/consider all the pros and cons -
взвесить/рассмотреть все за и против
Eg: I would like to consider all the pros and cons of this
matter before I draw a conclusion.
reason
Eg: I believe there are two main reasons for/against that.
There are also serious reasons, why people believe that.
problem/question/issue/idea
the problem arises from... - проблема возникает из ...
Eg: Another problem may arise from a variety of sources.
Precisely here is found the crux of the problem. (Именно
здесь находится/заключается самая острота проблемы).
It gives rise to many questions. (Это вызывает много
вопросов).
It is to this aspect of the issue that I now turn.
(А сейчас мне бы хотелось обратиться именно к этому
аспекту данной проблемы).
Before addressing this issue, it may be useful first to
examine its historical prerequisites. (Прежде, чем мы
рассмотрим эту проблему, возможно, будет полезным сначала
рассмотреть её исторические предпосылки).
The idea that physical exercise helps people stay healthy,
of course, is nothing new.
The idea that human activity makes the Earth a better place
to live is problematic.
to result in/lead to/cause
Eg: The problem arises from modern technological advances.
Technology in schools, offices and industry has resulted in
an unfortunate overdependence on calculators and other
types of modern devices. Abuse of something normally
beneficial may lead to a harmful reliance on it.
A dependence on the use of calculators may cause a
diminished ability to do mathematics on one’s own.
(TOEFL Preparation Guide. Cliffs. TOEFL sample essay)
Лариса КОПТЕЛОВА и Лонни ХАРРИСОН,
преподаватели Лингвистической школы
общения "Система-3"