Косвенная речь (Reported speech)
Утверждения
1 Если в главном предложении глагол стоит в прошедшем времени (said, told), то в придаточном глагол обычно «сдвигается на одно время назад».
present → past
present perfect → past perfect
past → past perfect
'I'm going.' He said he was going.
'She's passed her exams.' He told me she had passed her exams.
'My father died when I was six.' She said her father had died when she was six.
2 Если в главном предложении глагол стоит в настоящем времени (says, asks), ниаких изменений времни в придаточном не будет.
'The train will be late.' He says the train will he late.
'I come from Spain.' She says she comes from Spain.
3 Правило «одного времени назад» имеет исключения. Если в придаточном говорится о том, что действительно и в настоящем, то времяв придаточном не меняется.
Rainforests are being destroyed. She told him that rainforests are being destroyed.
'I hate football.' I told him I hate football.
4 Правило «одного времени назад» также применяется для косвенных мыслей и чувств.
I thought she was married, but she isn't.
I didn't know he was a teacher. I thought he worked in a bank.
I forgot you were coming. Never mind. Come in.
I hoped you would ring.
5 Меняются некоторые модальные глаголы.
can → could
will → would
may → might
'She can type well.' He told me she could/can type well.
'I'll help you.' She said she'd help me.
'I may come.' She said she might come.
Другие модальные глаголы не меняются.
'You should go to bed.' He told me 1 should go to bed.
'It might rain.' She said she thought it might rain.
Must can stay as must, or it can change to had to.
'I must go!' He said he must/had to go.
6 В более формальной речи можно использовать that после глагола в главном предложении.
He told her (that) he would be home late.
She said (that} sales were down on last year.
7 Существует много глаголов вводящих придаточные в косвенной речи.
Мы редко say с косвенным дополнением (то есть, человек, к которому обращаются).
She said she was going. NOT *She said to me she was going.
Tell всегда используется с косвенным дополнением в косвенной речи.
She told us/me/the doctor/her husband the news.
Многие глаголы более «описательны», чем say и tell. Например: explain, interrupt, demand, insist, admit, complain, warn.
Иногда мы передаем только идею высказывания, а не сами слова.
'I'll lend you some money.' He offered to lend me some money.
'I won't help you.' She refused to help me.
Косвенные вопросы
1 Порядок слов в косвенных вопросах прямой. В них нет вспомогательных глаголов (do/does/did).
'Why have you come here?' I asked her why she had come here.
'What time is it?' He wants to know what time it is.
'Where do you live?' She asked me where I lived.
Примечание
В косвенных вопросах не ставится вопросительный знак.
В косвенных вопросах не используется say.
He said,' How old are you?' He asked me how old I am.
2 Если нет вопросительного слова, то используется if или whether.
She wants to know whether she should wear a dress.
She wants to know if she should wear a dress.
Косвенные команды, просьбы и так далее.
1 Косвенные команды, просьбы и т. д. образуются: V + дополнение (к кому обращаются) + to + infinitive.
They told us to go away.
We offered to take them to the airport.
He urged the miners to go back to work.
She persuaded me to have my hair cut.
I advised the Prime Minister to leave immediately.
Примечание
1 Say не используется. Вместо него идет ask ... to или told ... to и так далее.
2 Обратите внимание на отрицательную команду. Ставьте not перед to.
He told me not to tell anyone.
The police warned people not to go out.
Обратите внимание, что tell используется и в косвенных утверждениях и в косвенных командах, но форма разная:
Утверждения
He told me that he was going.
They told us that they were going abroad.
She told them what had been happening.
Команды
He told me to keep still.
The police told people to move on.
My parents told me to tidy my room.
4 Ask используется и в косвенных командах и вопросах, но форма разная.
Команды
I was asked to attend the interview.
He asked me to open my suitcase.
She asked me not to smoke.
Вопросы
He asked me what I did for a living.
I asked her how much the rent was.
She asked me why I had come.